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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">
<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Web cache</span></span>
</h1>
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<p>A <b>web cache</b> (or <b>HTTP cache</b>) is a system for optimizing the World Wide Web. It is implemented both client-side and server-side. The caching of multimedia and other files can result in less overall delay when <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">browsing</a> the Web.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts_of_the_system">Parts of the system</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forward_and_reverse">Forward and reverse</h3></div>
<p>A forward cache is a cache outside the <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>'s network, e.g. in the client's <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, in an <a href="ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISP</a>, or within a corporate network. A network-aware forward cache only caches heavily accessed items. A proxy server sitting between the client and web server can evaluate HTTP headers and choose whether to store web content.
</p><p>A reverse cache sits in front of one or more web servers, accelerating requests from the Internet and reducing peak server load. This is usually a content delivery network (CDN) that retains copies of web content at various points throughout a network.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTTP_options">HTTP options</h3></div>
<p>The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) defines three basic mechanisms for controlling caches: freshness, validation, and invalidation. This is specified in the header of HTTP response messages from the server.
</p><p>Freshness allows a response to be used without re-checking it on the origin server, and can be controlled by both the server and the client. For example, the Expires response header gives a date when the document becomes stale, and the Cache-Control: max-age directive tells the cache how many seconds the response is fresh for.
</p><p>Validation can be used to check whether a cached response is still good after it becomes stale. For example, if the response has a Last-Modified header, a cache can make a <i>conditional request</i> using the If-Modified-Since header to see if it has changed. The ETag (entity tag) mechanism also allows for both strong and weak validation.
</p><p>Invalidation is usually a side effect of another request that passes through the cache. For example, if a URL associated with a cached response subsequently gets a POST, PUT or DELETE request, the cached response will be invalidated.
Many CDNs and manufacturers of network equipment have replaced this standard HTTP cache control with dynamic caching.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div>
<p>In 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act added rules to the United States Code (17 U.S.C. §: 512) that exempts system operators from copyright liability for the purposes of caching.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Server-side_software">Server-side software</h2></div>
<p>This is a list of server-side web caching software.
</p>
<table style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto;" class="sortable wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2">Name
</th>
<th colspan="3">Operating system
</th>
<th rowspan="2">Forward<br>mode
</th>
<th rowspan="2">Reverse<br>mode
</th>
<th rowspan="2">License
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>
</th>
<th>Other
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">OS X, Linux, Unix, FreeBSD, Solaris, Novell NetWare
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">OS/2, TPF, OpenVMS, eComStation
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="Apache_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache 2.0">Apache 2.0</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="AiScaler" title="AiScaler">aiScaler</a> Dynamic Cache Control
</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="ApplianSys#CACHEbox" title="ApplianSys">ApplianSys CACHEbox</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Blue_Coat_Systems" title="Blue Coat Systems">Blue Coat</a> ProxySG
</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">SGOS
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Nginx" title="Nginx">Nginx</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>, <a href="OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a>, <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="AIX" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX">AIX</a>, <a href="HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active">2-clause <a href="BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>-like
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Microsoft_Forefront_Threat_Management_Gateway" title="Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway">Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Polipo" title="Polipo">Polipo</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a>, <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>
</td>
<td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Squid_(software)" title="Squid (software)">Squid</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>
</td>
<td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Apache_Traffic_Server" title="Apache Traffic Server">Apache Traffic Server</a>
</th>
<td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>
</td>
<td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="Apache_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache 2.0">Apache 2.0</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Untangle
</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="Varnish_(software)" title="Varnish (software)">Varnish</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background: #FED; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="need table-needs">Needs a VMOD
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="WinGate" title="WinGate">WinGate</a>
</th>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> (Free for 8 users)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Nuster
</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="active table-active"><a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a> Web Gateway
</th>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">McAfee Linux Operating System
</td>
<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes
</td>
<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-proprietary"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">InterPlanetary File System</a> - makes web caches redundant</li>
<li><a href="Cache_Discovery_Protocol" title="Cache Discovery Protocol">Cache Discovery Protocol</a></li>
<li><a href="Cache_manifest_in_HTML5" title="Cache manifest in HTML5">Cache manifest in HTML5</a></li>
<li><a href="Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li>
<li><a href="Harvest_project" title="Harvest project">Harvest project</a></li>
<li><a href="Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_accelerator" title="Web accelerator">Web accelerator</a></li>
<li><a href="Search_engine_cache" title="Search engine cache">Search engine cache</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFFountis2017" class="citation web cs1">Fountis, Yorgos (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressidium.com/blog/2017/browser-cache-work/">"How does the browser cache work?"</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMessaoudYoussef2009" class="citation journal cs1">Messaoud, S.; Youssef, H. (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dac.1036">"An analytical model for the performance evaluation of stack-based web cache replacement algorithms"</a></span>. <i>International Journal of Communication Systems</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdac.1036">10.1002/dac.1036</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46507769">46507769</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ari Luotonen, <i>Web Proxy Servers</i> (Prentice Hall, 1997) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-680612-0</bdi></li>
<li>Duane Wessels, <i>Web Caching</i> (O'Reilly and Associates, 2001). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-56592-536-X</bdi></li>
<li>Michael Rabinovich and Oliver Spatschak, <i>Web Caching and Replication</i> (Addison Wesley, 2001). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-61570-3</bdi></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Website_management308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Website management</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Hosting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Clustered_web_hosting" title="Clustered web hosting">Clustered</a></li>
<li><a href="Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Peer-to-peer</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">Self-hosting</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_web_hosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual web hosting">Virtual</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">Analytics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Click_analytics" title="Click analytics">Click analytics</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_web_analytics" title="Mobile web analytics">Mobile web analytics</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">Web tracking</a>
<ul><li><a href="Click_tracking" title="Click tracking">Click tracking</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
<ul><li><a href="Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Web document">Web document</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_content" title="Web content">Web content</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_content_lifecycle" title="Web content lifecycle">Web content lifecycle</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a></li>
<li><a href="Webmaster" title="Webmaster">Webmaster</a></li>
<li><a href="Website_governance" title="Website governance">Website governance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_hosting_control_panel" title="Web hosting control panel">Hosting control panels</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_web_hosting_control_panels" title="Comparison of web hosting control panels">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="AlternC" title="AlternC">AlternC</a></li>
<li><a href="CPanel" title="CPanel">cPanel</a></li>
<li><a href="DirectAdmin" title="DirectAdmin">DirectAdmin</a></li>
<li><a href="Domain_Technologie_Control" title="Domain Technologie Control">Domain Technologie Control</a></li>
<li><a href="Froxlor" title="Froxlor">Froxlor</a></li>
<li><a href="I-MSCP" title="I-MSCP">i-MSCP</a></li>
<li><a href="ISPConfig" title="ISPConfig">ISPConfig</a></li>
<li><a href="Kloxo" title="Kloxo">Kloxo</a></li>
<li><a href="Plesk" title="Plesk">Plesk</a></li>
<li><a href="Usermin" title="Usermin">Usermin</a></li>
<li><a href="Webmin" title="Webmin">Webmin</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">Top-level domain</a><br>registries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AFNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AFNIC">AFNIC</a></li>
<li><a href=".au_Domain_Administration" title=".au Domain Administration">auDA</a></li>
<li><a href="DNS_Belgium" title="DNS Belgium">DNS Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="CentralNic" class="mw-redirect" title="CentralNic">CentralNic</a></li>
<li><a href="Canadian_Internet_Registration_Authority" title="Canadian Internet Registration Authority">CIRA</a></li>
<li><a href="China_Internet_Network_Information_Center" title="China Internet Network Information Center">CNNIC</a></li>
<li><a href="CZ.NIC" title="CZ.NIC">CZ.NIC</a></li>
<li><a href="DENIC" title="DENIC">DENIC</a></li>
<li><a href="EURid" title="EURid">EURid</a></li>
<li><a href="Freenom" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenom">Freenom</a></li>
<li><a href="GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Google Domains</a></li>
<li><a href="Identity_Digital" title="Identity Digital">Identity Digital</a></li>
<li><a href="Institute_for_Research_in_Fundamental_Sciences" title="Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences">IPM</a></li>
<li><a href="Japan_Registry_Services" title="Japan Registry Services">JPRS</a></li>
<li><a href="Korea_Internet_%26_Security_Agency" title="Korea Internet & Security Agency">KISA</a></li>
<li><a href="NIC_M%C3%A9xico" title="NIC México">NIC México</a></li>
<li><a href="Nominet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominet">Nominet</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">PIR</a></li>
<li><a href="Tucows" title="Tucows">Tucows</a></li>
<li><a href="Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Domain_name" title="Domain name">Domain name</a><br>managers,<br><a href="Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">registrars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bluehost" title="Bluehost">Bluehost</a></li>
<li><a href="Domainz" title="Domainz">Domainz</a></li>
<li><a href="DreamHost" title="DreamHost">DreamHost</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynadot" title="Dynadot">Dynadot</a></li>
<li><a href="Enom" title="Enom">Enom</a></li>
<li><a href="Epik" title="Epik">Epik</a></li>
<li><a href="Gandi" title="Gandi">Gandi</a></li>
<li><a href="GlowHost" title="GlowHost">GlowHost</a></li>
<li><a href="GMO_Internet" title="GMO Internet">GMO Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Google Domains</a></li>
<li><a href="Hover_(domain_registrar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hover (domain registrar)">Hover</a></li>
<li><a href="Infomaniak" title="Infomaniak">Infomaniak</a></li>
<li><a href="Jimdo" title="Jimdo">Jimdo</a></li>
<li><a href="Name.com" title="Name.com">Name.com</a></li>
<li><a href="Namecheap" title="Namecheap">Namecheap</a></li>
<li><a href="Hostinger" title="Hostinger">Hostinger</a></li>
<li><a href="NameSilo" title="NameSilo">NameSilo</a></li>
<li><a href="NearlyFreeSpeech" title="NearlyFreeSpeech">NearlyFreeSpeech</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a></li>
<li><a href="OVHcloud" title="OVHcloud">OVH</a></li>
<li><a href="Register.com" title="Register.com">Register.com</a></li>
<li><a href="Squarespace" title="Squarespace">Squarespace</a></li>
<li>TransIP</li>
<li><a href="Tucows" title="Tucows">Tucows</a></li>
<li><a href="UK2_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="UK2 Group">UK2</a></li>
<li>Vimexx</li>
<li><a href="Webcentral" title="Webcentral">Webcentral</a></li>
<li><a href="Web.com" title="Web.com">Web.com</a></li>
<li><a href="Wix.com" title="Wix.com">Wix.com</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_content_management_system" title="Web content management system">Content<br>management system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management system</a></li>
<li><a href="Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">Wiki software</a></li>
<li><a href="Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a> software</li></ul>
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